法学研究

文章摘要

合同形式主义的演进及其影响——消费者保护的视角

Evolution of Contract Formalism and Its Influence

DOI：

英文关键词: form of contract|consensualism|declaration of intention|modern form|consumer protection

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作者	单位
高庆凯

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中文摘要:

现代法上保护消费者的价值追求导致合同形式主义演进中古典形式与现代形式的分层。在现象上,现代形式与古典形式既连续又超越,主要表现为信息型形式与时间型形式及其交错。在逻辑上,不同于古典形式在规范评价上与意思绝缘,现代形式旨在确保消费者缔约意思真实。由此产生的影响,一方面,现代形式分担意思、补足诺成主义、参与重构意思表示瑕疵制度并简化合同成立的判断;另一方面,现代形式使得合同内容强制或半强制定型,合同条款与合同解释规则、合同成立与内容的牵连度、合同内容的存在方式均受影响。在效果上,不同于古典形式下的直接判断,现代形式瑕疵经由消费者真意保护这一目的中介进行价值判断。在形式本身违反维度,不能径直绝对无效或不成立,而应允许消费者请求撤销或减轻给付;不能适用履行治愈规则,轻易依倡导性规范处理亦失之偏颇;强制条款要求或形式细节欠缺时,不能按合同成立的传统规则认定;形式违反亦会违反实定法上的权利和义务规范,由此启动民法一般制度的适用与特别规范上的责任承担。在强制性规范违反维度,需放弃单纯区分效力性强制规定与管理性强制规定,并联动消费者保护这一内在价值考虑。在方法论上,预设应对泛化的显著势差交易,体现中国民法的价值底色。

英文摘要:

Under modern law, the value pursuit of consumer protection leads to the separation between classical and modern forms of contract in the evolution of contract formalism. In terms of phenomenon, the modern form is in a relationship of both continuation and transcendence with the classical form and this is mainly manifested in the informational form and the time-pass form as well as the interaction between them. In terms of logic, different from the classical form, which is insulated from the intention in norm evaluation, the modern form aims to ensure the authenticity of consumers' contracting intention. As a result, on the one hand, the modern form shares the intention, complements consensualism, participates in the system reconstruction of flaws of declaration of intention, and simplifies the determination of contract formation. On the other hand, the modern form leads to compulsory or semi-compulsory finalization of contract content, thus affecting the contract terms and the rules of contract interpretation, the connection between the formation and the content of a contract, and the existence way of the content of a contract. In terms of effectiveness, different from factual thinking under the classical form, the value judgment on flaws under the modern form is conducted through the objective intermediary function of protection of consumers' true intention. In the dimension of violation in form itself, a court should not find a contract absolutely void straight away, but should allow consumers to request for cancellation or reduction of payments. The cure-by-performance rule should not be applied, and the rules of contract form should not be regarded as advocacy norms easily. Flaws should not be determined on the basis of traditional rules of contract formation when required by mandatory terms or when the formal details are lacking. A violation in form may also lead to the violation of statutory norms on rights and obligations, thus trigger the application of the general civil law system and the assumption of liability under special norms. In the dimension of violation of peremptory norms, the method of simply distinguishing mandatory provisions on effectiveness and those on manageability should be abandoned and the consideration of the intrinsic value of consumer protection should be adopted. In terms of methodology, response to the generalization of significant potential-difference transactions should be presupposed, so as to embody the values of Chinese civil law.

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